Prevalence of Eimeria spp. in Broilers by Multiplex PCR in the Southern Region of Brazil on Two Hundred and Fifty Farms.

Parasitic infections caused by Eimeria species are responsible for most economic losses in poultry production. Prevalence studies can adequately assist the design of prophylaxis strategies for disease control. Therefore, stool samples from 251 flocks of broilers from 28 to 48 days old were collected in 21 municipalities in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, to detect and examine the prevalence of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria brunetti. The oocysts were recovered and quantified, and the species were identified by a multiplex PCR technique. Amplicons of seven Eimeria species originating from the PCR-positive samples were cloned. Microscopy studies demonstrated that 96% of the farms were positive for the Eimeria. Seven species were identified, as follows: E. maxima (63.7%) and E. acervulina (63.3%) were the most prevalent species, followed by E. tenella (54.6%), E. mitis (38.6%), E. praecox (25.1%), E. necatrix (24.3%), and E. brunetti (13.1%). The average number of species detected per farm was 2.96, and the most common were E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella (9.16%). The sequencing of the clones confirmed the specificity and effectiveness of multiplex PCR for the identification of seven species of Eimeria, so this tool can be useful in studying circulating species in poultry farms, thereby assisting prophylactic measures against coccidiosis.

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies sheep in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and comparison using IFA and ELISA.

Toxoplasmosis in sheep is a disease of great importance in veterinary medicine, which causes economic losses in livestock and has a great impact on human health, since consumption of infected meat facilitates transmission of zoonotic infections. Blood samples from sheep (n = 360) were collected from 13 farm properties in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina, to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and identify risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii, antibodies were investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals infected with T. gondii were found on 100% of the farms. IFA detected 56.9% (205/360) and ELISA 42.5% of the infected sheep. Breed was the only risk factor associated with the presence of T. gondii antibodies. ELISA showed sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 82% and kappa of 0.41, which was considered moderate. This allows use of ELISA as an alternative technique for diagnosing T. gondii in sheep.

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies sheep in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and comparison using IFA and ELISA / Anticorpos toxoplásmicos em ovinos de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e comparação utilizando RIFI e ELISA

Toxoplasmosis in sheep is a disease of great importance in veterinary medicine, which causes economic losses in livestock and has a great impact on human health, since consumption of infected meat facilitates transmission of zoonotic infections. Blood samples from sheep (n = 360) were collected from 13 farm properties in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina, to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and identify risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii, antibodies were investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals infected with T. gondii were found on 100% of the farms. IFA detected 56.9% (205/360) and ELISA 42.5% of the infected sheep. Breed was the only risk factor associated with the presence of T. gondii antibodies. ELISA showed sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 82% and kappa of 0.41, which was considered moderate. This allows use of ELISA as an alternative technique for diagnosing T. gondii in sheep.

A toxoplasmose ovina é uma doença parasitária de elevada importância em medicina veterinária e em saúde pública, acarretando prejuízos na produção animal, gerados pelas perdas reprodutivas e econômicas, além de sua implicação na saúde humana, já que o consumo de carne infectada facilita a transmissão zoonótica. Para determinar a prevalência e identificar fatores de risco para a infecção por T. gondii em ovinos de Lages, Santa Catarina, amostras de sangue (n = 360) foram coletadas em 13 propriedades. Cada criador respondeu a um questionário para permitir a identificação dos fatores de risco da infecção. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI > 64) e do Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto (ELISA). Em 100% das propriedades foram encontrados animais positivos. Pela RIFI, 205 (56,94%) ovinos apresentaram anticorpos contra T. gondii e pelo ELISA, 153 (42,50%). Considerando-se as técnicas sorológicas e a análise estatística, foram fatores de risco pelo ELISA: a idade, a fonte de água e a categoria animal; e pela RIFI, o tipo racial. Foi constatada sensibilidade de 61%, especificidade de 82% e concordância Kappa de 0,41 entre o ELISA e a RIFI (1:64), considerada moderada, permitindo indicar o ELISA como técnica adequada para o diagnóstico de T. gondii na espécie ovina.

Resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus on the Santa Catarina Plateau, Brazil.

With the objective of evaluating Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus resistance to cipermetrina and amitraz, were collected engorged tick females from cattle on 20 farms on the Santa Catarina Plateau, in southern Brazil, between January of 2004 and May of 2006. Were also received 20 groups of engorged R. (B.) microplus females, collected by cattle farmers requesting acaricidal efficacy (AE) testing. Were performed in vitro tests, which consisted of immersing engorged females in cypermethrin (0.015%) and in amitraz (0.025%). An AE >95% was considered indicative of effectiveness. Of the 20 collected groups, 18 (90%) showed cypermethrin resistance and 1 (5%) showed amitraz resistance. Of the 20 received groups, 19 (95%) showed cypermethrin resistance and 2 (10%) showed amitraz resistance. The AE of cypermethrin was found to be >95%, 85-94%, and 55-64%, respectively, in 4 (57.1%), 2 (28.6%), and 1 (14.3%) of 7 reference groups, collected in the 1997-2001 period. The AE of amitraz was >95% in all of those groups. Among the groups of specimens received for analysis in that period, the AE of amitraz was >95% in 6 (85.71%) and 75-84% in 1 (14.28%). R. (B.) microplus resistance to acaricides is increasing on the Santa Catarina Plateau.

Resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus on the Santa Catarina Plateau, Brazil / Situação da resistência do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus à cipermetrina e amitraz no Planalto Catarinense, Brasil

With the objective of evaluating Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus resistance to cipermetrina and amitraz, were collected engorged tick females from cattle on 20 farms on the Santa Catarina Plateau, in southern Brazil, between January of 2004 and May of 2006. Were also received 20 groups of engorged R. (B.) microplus females, collected by cattle farmers requesting acaricidal efficacy (AE) testing. Were performed in vitro tests, which consisted of immersing engorged females in cypermethrin (0.015%) and in amitraz (0.025%). An AE >95% was considered indicative of effectiveness. Of the 20 collected groups, 18 (90%) showed cypermethrin resistance and 1 (5%) showed amitraz resistance. Of the 20 received groups, 19 (95%) showed cypermethrin resistance and 2 (10%) showed amitraz resistance. The AE of cypermethrin was found to be >95%, 85-94%, and 55-64%, respectively, in 4 (57.1%), 2 (28.6%), and 1 (14.3%) of 7 reference groups, collected in the 1997-2001 period. The AE of amitraz was >95% in all of those groups. Among the groups of specimens received for analysis in that period, the AE of amitraz was >95% in 6 (85.71%) and 75-84% in 1 (14.28%). R. (B.) microplus resistance to acaricides is increasing on the Santa Catarina Plateau.

Com os objetivos de avaliar a resistência do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus à cipermetrina e ao amitraz no Planalto Catarinense, no período de janeiro de 2004 a maio de 2006, foram coletadas teleóginas em bovinos de 20 propriedades onde os produtores autorizaram a coleta (amostras por conveniência) e recebidas teleóginas de mais 20 propriedades com objetivo de diagnóstico de eficácia. Os testes in vitro foram realizados por imersão de teleóginas em cipermetrina (0,015%) e amitraz (0,025%). Considerando a eficácia igual ou superior a 95%, das 20 propriedades amostradas, 18 (90%) apresentaram resistência à cipermetrina e uma (5%) ao amitraz. Das 20 propriedades com teleóginas para diagnóstico, 19 (95%) apresentaram resistência à cipermetrina e duas (10%) ao amitraz. No período de agosto de 1997 a dezembro de 2001, das sete amostras coletadas, em quatro (57,1%) a eficácia da cipermetrina foi >95%, em duas (28,6%) entre 85% e 94% e em uma, (14,3%) entre 55% e 64%. A eficácia do amitraz foi >95%, em teleóginas de todas as propriedades. Nas amostras para diagnóstico, seis (85,71%) apresentaram eficácia para o amitraz >95% e uma (14,28%) entre 75% e 84%. A resistência desse ixodídeo aos carrapaticidas testados é crescente no Planalto Catarinense.

Spotted fever group Rickettsia infecting ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

During 2006-2008, a total of 260 adult ticks were collected from domestic and wild animals in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, including areas where human cases of Brazilian spotted fever have been reported. Collected ticks belonging to nine species (Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma tigrinum, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rickettsial infection. Overall, eight (3.1 percent) ticks were found to be infected with Rickettsia species. After sequencing the PCR products, we determined that the sequences generated from three A. aureolatum, one A. ovale and one R. sanguineus from the municipality of Blumenau, one A. ovale from the municipality of Águas Mornas and one A. ovale from the municipality of Urussanga were identical to the corresponding partial rickettsial ompA gene sequence of Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest. The sequence generated from one A. longirostre from Blumenau was 100 percent identical to the corresponding partial rickettsial ompA gene sequence of Rickettsia amblyommii strain AL. Because R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest was recently shown to have caused two cases of human spotted fever in other states of Brazil, the role of this rickettsial agent as a possible etiological agent of spotted fever in SC is discussed.

Selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

An examination of a selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2009. Forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). At 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by two. Fipronil 1 mg.kg(-1) pour on was then administered for tick control. In the conventional group all the cattle were treated when tick count averaged more than 40 female ticks per animal while in the selective group only animals parasitized by more than 40 ticks were treated with acaricide. Every 28 days the cattle's weight was checked for cost-effective analysis. The conventional group required an additional 20 doses of fipronil compared with the selective one. There was no statistically significant differences regarding weight gain in both groups.

Selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Controle seletivo do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus em bovinos criados em campo nativo, no município de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil

An examination of a selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2009. Forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). At 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by two. Fipronil 1 mg.kg-1 pour on was then administered for tick control. In the conventional group all the cattle were treated when tick count averaged more than 40 female ticks per animal while in the selective group only animals parasitized by more than 40 ticks were treated with acaricide. Every 28 days the cattle's weight was checked for cost-effective analysis. The conventional group required an additional 20 doses of fipronil compared with the selective one. There was no statistically significant differences regarding weight gain in both groups.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o método de controle seletivo do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e reduzir os custos para o controle, de maio de 2007 a abril de 2009, em duas invernadas de campo nativo no município de Lages, SC, utilizaram-se 40 bovinos que foram divididos em dois grupos (convencional e seletivo), de 20 animais cada. A cada 14 dias foi realizada a contagem das fêmeas maiores ou igual a 4,5 mm, no lado direito do corpo dos animais, e o valor obtido, multiplicado por dois. Foi utilizado fipronil 1 mg.kg-1 pour on para o controle de carrapatos. No grupo convencional, foram tratados todos os bovinos quando a média do grupo foi igual ou superior a 40 fêmeas e no grupo seletivo, foram tratados apenas os animais que apresentaram uma infestação igual ou superior a 40. A cada 28 dias foi realizada a pesagem dos animais para análise da relação custo/benefício. Foram realizadas 20 aplicações a mais do carrapaticida no grupo convencional em relação ao seletivo. Não houve diferença estatística entre o ganho de peso do grupo convencional em relação ao grupo seletivo.

Spotted fever group Rickettsia infecting ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

During 2006-2008, a total of 260 adult ticks were collected from domestic and wild animals in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, including areas where human cases of Brazilian spotted fever have been reported. Collected ticks belonging to nine species (Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma tigrinum, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rickettsial infection. Overall, eight (3.1%) ticks were found to be infected with Rickettsia species. After sequencing the PCR products, we determined that the sequences generated from three A. aureolatum, one A. ovale and one R. sanguineus from the municipality of Blumenau, one A. ovale from the municipality of Águas Mornas and one A. ovale from the municipality of Urussanga were identical to the corresponding partial rickettsial ompA gene sequence of Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest. The sequence generated from one A. longirostre from Blumenau was 100% identical to the corresponding partial rickettsial ompA gene sequence of Rickettsia amblyommii strain AL. Because R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest was recently shown to have caused two cases of human spotted fever in other states of Brazil, the role of this rickettsial agent as a possible etiological agent of spotted fever in SC is discussed.

[Canine tegumentar leishmaníasis in the town of Balneário Camboriú in the State of Santa Catarina]. / Leishmaniose tegumentar canina no município de Balneário Camboriú, Estado de Santa Catarina.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) cases in 2005 was due to an outbreak that occurred in the towns of Itapema and Balneário Camboriú. This study aimed to determine the possible presence of infection by Leishmania sp in domestic dogs living in an endemic focus of ATL in the town of Balneário Camboriú and verify the existence of a correlation between the humoral and cellular immune responses, the presence of suggestive lesions and positivity in direct parasitological exams. METHODS: A total of 275 dogs were evaluated, examined according to clinic aspects, the development of delayed hypersensitivity to Immunoleish antigens and serological responses to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction and immunoenzymatic assay. RESULTS: Seven dogs presented suspect lesions, but Leishmania was not detected using the direct parasitological method. The serological result was 5.8% positivity using the IIFR technique, 6.2% by ELISA and 1.8% using the intradermal test. The total number of dogs positive for ATL using the serological exams and/or intradermal test was 24, indicating prevalence of 8.7% for ATL. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are required to evaluate the participation of dogs in the epidemiological chain of ATL in Balneário Camboriú.

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies on domiciled cats from Lages municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

Sera were collected from 300 domiciled cats from the municipality of Lages, Southern Brazil, to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated. Tests for T. gondii antibodies were performed using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Positive reactions with titers ≥1:64 were found in 43 (14.33%) cats. A significant number of seropositive cats were ≥6 month old (p = 0.03758) and had access to the streets or/and rural areas (p = 0.04185). The results indicate that T. gondii is widespread in cats in Lages with a prevalence of 14.33%.

Leishmaniose tegumentar canina no município de Balneário Camboriú, Estado de Santa Catarina / Canine tegumentar leishmaníasis in the town of Balneário Camboriú in the State of Santa Catarina

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento no número de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no ano de 2005 foi em decorrência do surto ocorrido nos Municípios de Itapema e Balneário Camboriú. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a possível presença de infecção por Leishmania sp em cães domésticos residentes em foco endêmico para LTA, no Município de Balneário Camboriú e verificar a existência de correlação entre a resposta imune humoral e celular, presença de lesões sugestivas e positividade no exame parasitológico direto. MÉTODOS: Foram cadastrados 275 animais, os quais foram examinados segundo seus aspectos clínicos, desenvolvimento de hipersensibilidade tardia ao antígeno Immunoleish® e respostas sorológicas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta e ao ensaio imunoenzimático. RESULTADOS: Sete animais apresentaram lesões suspeitas, porém não foram encontradas Leishmanias pelo método parasitológico direto. O resultado da sorologia foi de 5,8 por cento de positividade com a RIFI, 6,2 por cento com o ELISA e 1,8 por cento com a prova intradérmica. Somando os cães positivos pelos exames sorológicos e/ou pela prova intradérmica obteve-se um total de 24 positivos, imunoprevalência de 8,7 por cento para LTA. CONCLUSÕES: Há necessidade de mais estudos para avaliar a participação dos cães na cadeia epidemiológica da LTA no Município de Balneário Camboriú.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) cases in 2005 was due to an outbreak that occurred in the towns of Itapema and Balneário Camboriú. This study aimed to determine the possible presence of infection by Leishmania sp in domestic dogs living in an endemic focus of ATL in the town of Balneário Camboriú and verify the existence of a correlation between the humoral and cellular immune responses, the presence of suggestive lesions and positivity in direct parasitological exams. METHODS: A total of 275 dogs were evaluated, examined according to clinic aspects, the development of delayed hypersensitivity to Immunoleish® antigens and serological responses to the indirect immunofluorescence reaction and immunoenzymatic assay. RESULTS: Seven dogs presented suspect lesions, but Leishmania was not detected using the direct parasitological method. The serological result was 5.8 percent positivity using the IIFR technique, 6.2 percent by ELISA and 1.8 percent using the intradermal test. The total number of dogs positive for ATL using the serological exams and/or intradermal test was 24, indicating prevalence of 8.7 percent for ATL. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are required to evaluate the participation of dogs in the epidemiological chain of ATL in Balneário Camboriú.

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies on domiciled cats from Lages municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii em gatos domiciliados no município de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Sera were collected from 300 domiciled cats from the municipality of Lages, Southern Brazil, to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated. Tests for T. gondii antibodies were performed using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Positive reactions with titers >1:64 were found in 43 (14.33 percent) cats. A significant number of seropositive cats were >6 month old (p = 0.03758) and had access to the streets or/and rural areas (p = 0.04185). The results indicate that T. gondii is widespread in cats in Lages with a prevalence of 14.33 percent.

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas de 300 gatos domiciliados para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e possíveis fatores de risco. A detecção de anticorpos da classe IgG foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Reações positivas com títulos >1:64 foram encontradas em 43 (14,33 por cento) gatos. Os títulos encontrados variaram de 1:64 a 1:4096, sendo que 19 animais (44,19 por cento) tiveram titulação de 1:64, 18 animais (41,86 por cento) com 1:256, cinco animais (11,63 por cento) com 1:1024 e um animal (2,32 por cento) teve titulação de 1:4096. Foi verificada correlação entre soropositividade dos felinos ao T. gondii e idade (p = 0,03758) e com o acesso à rua e/ou zona rural (p = 0,04185). Os resultados indicam que T. gondii está disseminado entre os gatos domiciliados de Lages, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com uma prevalência de 14,33 por cento.

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies on domiciled cats from Lages municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii em gatos domiciliados no município de Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Sera were collected from 300 domiciled cats from the municipality of Lages, Southern Brazil, to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated. Tests for T. gondii antibodies were performed using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Positive reactions with titers ≥1:64 were found in 43 (14.33%) cats. A significant number of seropositive cats were ≥6 month old (p = 0.03758) and had access to the streets or/and rural areas (p = 0.04185). The results indicate that T. gondii is widespread in cats in Lages with a prevalence of 14.33%.

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas de 300 gatos domiciliados para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e possíveis fatores de risco. A detecção de anticorpos da classe IgG foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Reações positivas com títulos ≥1:64 foram encontradas em 43 (14,33%) gatos. Os títulos encontrados variaram de 1:64 a 1:4096, sendo que 19 animais (44,19%) tiveram titulação de 1:64, 18 animais (41,86%) com 1:256, cinco animais (11,63%) com 1:1024 e um animal (2,32%) teve titulação de 1:4096. Foi verificada correlação entre soropositividade dos felinos ao T. gondii e idade (p = 0,03758) e com o acesso à rua e/ou zona rural (p = 0,04185). Os resultados indicam que T. gondii está disseminado entre os gatos domiciliados de Lages, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com uma prevalência de 14,33%.

[Ectoparasites and intestinal helminths in Felis catus domesticus from Lages city, SC, Brazil and social-economical and cultural aspects of owners of family pets]. / Ectoparasitos e helmintos intestinais em Felis catus domesticus, da cidade de Lages, SC, Brasil e aspectos socioeconomicos e culturais das familias dos proprietarios dos animais.

The purpose of this research was to determinate the prevalence of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in domiciliated cats, from central and peripheral region, of Lages city, Santa Catarina State and also characterize the economic, social and cultural status of families' pet owners. From the period of December 2005 to December 2006, 600 questionnaires were distributed to pet owners of Lages city and ectoparasites and faeces were collected. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.8% (28/203) and for GI parasites was 37.8% (42/111). The prevalence of parasites in domiciliated cats from the peripheral region were bigger than in the central region. The ectoparasites observed were Ctenocephalides felis felis, C. canis and Ctenocephalides hybrid (C. felis felis x C. canis). The intestinal helminths eggs observed in cats faeces were Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Taeniidae family and Oncicola sp. In the peripheral region, the largest number of positive animals belonged to owners of low-income wage and low education The peripheral region population are over exposed to potencial zoonotic agents.

Ectoparasitos e helmintos intestinais em Felis catus domesticus, da cidade de Lages, SC, Brasil e aspectos sócioeconômicos e culturais das famílias dos proprietários dos animais / Ectoparasites and intestinal helminths in Felis catus domesticus from Lages city, SC, Brazil and social-economical and cultural aspects of owners of family pets

Os objetivos da realização deste trabalho foram determinar a prevalência de ectoparasitos e parasitos gastrointestinais (GI) em gatos domiciliados, nas regiões central e periférica, da cidade de Lages, SC e também caracterizar as famílias proprietárias de gatos quanto as suas condições sócioeconômicas e culturais. No período de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, foram distribuídos 600 questionários a proprietários de animais cidade de Lages, SC e coletados ectoparasitos e amostras de fezes. A prevalência para ectoparasitos foi de 13,8 por cento (28/203) e para parasitos GI, 37,8 por cento (42/111). A prevalência de parasitos em gatos domiciliados da região periférica foi maior que os da região central. Os ectoparasitos observados foram Ctenocephalides felis felis, C. canis e Ctenocephalides híbrido (C. felis felis × C. canis). Os ovos de helmintos intestinais identificados nas fezes de gatos foram Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., família Taeniidae e Oncicola sp. Na região periférica, o maior número de animais positivos pertencia a proprietários de baixa renda salarial e pouca escolaridade. As populações residentes nos bairros da região periférica encontram-se mais expostas aos agentes com potencial zoonótico.

The purpose of this research was to determinate the prevalence of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in domiciliated cats, from central and peripheral region, of Lages city, Santa Catarina State and also characterize the economic, social and cultural status of families' pet owners. From the period of December 2005 to December 2006, 600 questionnaires were distributed to pet owners of Lages city and ectoparasites and faeces were collected. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.8 percent (28/203) and for GI parasites was 37.8 percent (42/111). The prevalence of parasites in domiciliated cats from the peripheral region were bigger than in the central region. The ectoparasites observed were Ctenocephalides felis felis, C. canis and Ctenocephalides hybrid (C. felis felis x C. canis). The intestinal helminths eggs observed in cats faeces were Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Taeniidae family and Oncicola sp. In the peripheral region, the largest number of positive animals belonged to owners of low-income wage and low education The peripheral region population are over exposed to potencial zoonotic agents.

[Occurrence of antibodies and risk factors for infection for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in the cities of Lages and Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina State, Brazil]. / Ocorrência de anticorpos e fatores de risco para infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em cães, nas cidades de Lages e Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence of antibodies and risk factors for infection for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in the cities of Lages and Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Blood samples from 400 domiciliated dogs were processed for antibody detection against T. gondii by indirect immunofuorescence antibody test (IFAT). The following variables were obtained by questionnaire: breed, age, sex, diet, environment, presence of cats and street access. A Chi-Square test was performed to verify the association between the seroprevalence with the studied variables. From all evaluated dogs, 89 (22.3%) had antibodies against T. gondii. A total of 52 (26%) and 37 (18.5%) dogs were positive for T. gondii in Lages and Balneário Camboriú, respectively. No statistical differences were observed on the prevalences of T. gondii between both cities. Greater occurrences of seropositives for toxoplasmosis were observed in mixed-breed dogs (P = 0.002), who had access to the street (P = 0.003) and received homemade diet (P = 0.028). A strong trend for seropositivity against T. gondii was observed among adult dogs, indicating post-natal exposure, and among those that have previous contact with cats.

Ocorrência de anticorpos e fatores de risco para infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em cães, nas cidades de Lages e Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Occurrence of antibodies and risk factors for infection for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in the cities of Lages and Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Com os objetivos de conhecer a ocorrência de anticorpos e identificar fatores de risco para a infecção por Toxoplasmagondii em cães, nas cidades de Lages e Balneário Camboriú, SC, amostras de sangue de 400 cães domiciliados foram processadas para a detecção de anticorpos contra T. gondii pela técnica da imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Dados referentes à raça, idade, sexo, tipo de dieta, ambiente, presença de gatos e acesso à rua foram obtidos por meio de questionário. Análise estatística foi realizada (teste de χ²). Dos 400 cães, 89 (22,3 por cento) apresentaram anticorpos contra T. gondii. Dos cães de Lages, 52 (26 por cento) foram positivos para T. gondii, enquanto os de Balneário Camboriú, 37 (18,5 por cento)foram sororreagentes. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre as prevalências de T. gondii nos dois municípios. Maior ocorrência de sororreagentes para toxoplasmose foi verificada entre os cães sem raça definida (P = 0,002), que tinham acesso à rua (P = 0,003) e que recebiam dieta caseira (P = 0,028). Forte tendência para reagentes ao T. gondii foi observada entre os animais adultos, indicando exposição pós-natal ao agente, e entre os cães em contato com felinos.

The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence of antibodies and risk factors for infection for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in the cities of Lages and Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Blood samples from 400 domiciliated dogs were processed for antibody detection against T. gondii by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The following variables were obtained by questionnaire: breed, age, sex, diet, environment, presence of cats and street access. A Chi-Square test was performed to verify the association between the seroprevalence with the studied variables. From all evaluated dogs, 89 (22.3 percent) had antibodies against T. gondii. A total of 52 (26 percent) and 37 (18.5 percent) dogs were positive for T. gondii in Lages and Balneário Camboriú, respectively. No statistical differences were observed on the prevalences of T. gondii between both cities. Greater occurrences of seropositives for toxoplasmosis were observed in mixed-breed dogs (P = 0.002), who had access to the street (P = 0.003) and received homemade diet (P = 0.028). A strong trend for seropositivity against T. gondii was observed among adult dogs, indicating post-natal exposure, and among those that have previous contact with cats.

Proposta para teste carrapaticida por imersão de larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: avaliação em cipermetrina e amitraz / Proposal of an acaricide laboratory test larvae immersion of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: evaluation with cypermethrin and amitraz

The aim of this work was to develop a technique of acaricides evaluation by immersion of larvae. Larvae were obtained from 30 engorged females of Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected in a ranch in Lages, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Larvae were obtained from 10mg of eggs placed into 5ml disposable syringes, previously prepared and kept under controlled conditions of laboratory, and collected between the third and the twelfth day of oviposition. Seven to ten days old larvae were submitted to the acaricide laboratory test, in ten replications, by their immersion in eight dilutions of commercial acaricides (amitraz or cypermethrin), for 30 seconds; for each replication and commercial product, a control group was immersed in distilled water. Results were evaluated 24 hours after each treatment by counting the number of live and dead larvae. The mean LD50 values and standard error of the mean for cypermethrin and amitraz were 2.99 ± 0.36 and 17.22 ± 4.20 ppm, respectively, for a confidence interval of 95 percent. The proposed acaricide laboratory test procedures by larvae immersion offered promising results for the evaluation of acaricides.

Objetivou-se desenvolver uma técnica de avaliação de carrapaticidas por imersão de larvas de Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. As larvas foram obtidas a partir de ovos de 30 teleóginas coletadas em bovinos de uma propriedade rural do município de Lages, SC, Brasil, os quais foram acondicionados em alíquotas de 10mg por seringa descartável de 5ml, previamente preparadas e mantidas em câmara climatizada até a eclosão. Larvas com sete a dez dias de idade foram submetidas à imersão por 30 segundos em oito diluições de produtos carrapaticidas comerciais à base de amitraz e de cipermetrina, cada uma com dez repetições, sendo mantido um grupo controle para cada repetição e produto, o qual foi imerso em água destilada. A leitura foi realizada 24 horas após o tratamento com a contagem de larvas vivas e mortas. A média de DL50 para cipermetrina foi de 2,99ppm e o erro padrão de 0,36 e para o amitraz foi de 17,22ppm e o erro padrão de 4,20, com intervalo de confiança (IC) 95 por cento.

Resistência de helmintos gastrintestinais de bovinos a anti-helmínticos no Planalto Catarinense / Anthelmintics resistance of bovine gastrointestinal helminths in Santa Catarina Plateau

Com o objetivo de avaliar focos de resistência de helmintos gastrintestinais parasitos de bovinos, com aptidão para corte, à ivermectina, ao fosfato de levamisole e ao sulfóxido de albendazole foram realizadas avaliações em 39 propriedades localizadas no Planalto Catarinense. Em cada uma foram coletadas, em média, 60 amostras de fezes de animais, com idade entre sete e 18 meses, para avaliar o número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), o cultivo e a identificação de larvas. Foram formados três grupos de animais com média de OPG semelhante. A média de OPG de todos os animais coletados, antes do tratamento, foi considerada como testemunha. Cada grupo recebeu um tratamento diferente por via subcutânea (ivermectina na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, fosfato de levamisole na dose de 5mg kg-1 e sulfóxido de albendazole na dose de 2,5mg kg-1). Sete dias após foram repetidas as avaliações por grupo. Considerou-se resistência quando a eficácia da droga foi menor que 95 por cento e o limite inferior do intervalo de confiança IC95 por cento menor que 90 por cento. Entre as propriedades avaliadas, 82,1 por cento apresentaram animais com helmintos resistentes à ivermectina, 15,4 por cento ao fosfato de levamisole e 7,8 por cento ao sulfóxido de albendazole. Em apenas 10,3 por cento das propriedades, a eficácia de todos os anti-helmínticos foi superior a 95 por cento. Com base no diagnóstico genérico, verificou-se que os gêneros predominantes resistentes à ivermectina foram Cooperia spp e Haemonchus spp, ao fosfato de levamisole, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp e Trichostrongylus spp, e ao sulfóxido de albendazole, Cooperia spp.

In order to estimate possible focus of resistance of bovine gastrointestinal helminths to ivermectin, levamisole phosphate and albendazole sulphoxide, 39 properties in the Santa Catarina Plateau were evaluated. In each location a mean number of 60 samples of feces was collected from animals between seven and 18 months of age, for the evaluation of the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), for culture and for larvae identification. Three groups with similar EPG mean were comprised, with the mean EPG being considered the group control. Animal from each group received a different subcutaneous treatment: a) 0.2mg kg-1 ivermectin, b) 5mg kg-1 levamisole phosphate, and c) 2.5mg kg-1 albendazole sulphoxide). The fecal evaluation, per group, was repeated seven days later. Resistance was considered when the efficacy of the drug was lesser than 95 percent and when the inferior limit of the confidence interval CI95 percent was lesser than 90 percent. From the properties examined, 82.1 percent presented animals with helminths resistant to ivermectin, 15.4 percent to levamisole phosphate, and 7.8 percent to albendazole sulphoxide. In only 10.3 percent of the properties the efficacy of all the anthelmintics was superior to 95 percent. Based on the generic diagnosis, through the larvae identification, Cooperia spp and Haemonchus spp were the prevailing resistant genus to ivermectin, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp and Trichostrongylus spp were associated with resistance to levamisole phosphate, and Cooperia spp. to albendazole sulphoxide.